Gender Bias in the Florida Juvenile Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 561 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Juvenile Justice Essay Did you like this example? More female juvenile offenders (FJO) are entering the Juvenile Justice System (JJS) than ever before. Public reactions attribute this influx to female youth becoming more criminal, however, evidence suggests that gender bias contributes to it, through harsher sentences and defaulting to confinement for FJOs. In this study I aim to examine the evidence suggesting gender bias in sentencing, including differences between male and female juvenile offenses, the degree of leniency for juvenile male and female offenders, the origin and implementation of gender bias, the implications on youth in Florida, and finally a retrospective comparison of male and female juvenile offenders view sentences and experiences in the JJS. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender Bias in the Florida Juvenile Justice System" essay for you Create order Research indicates that gender bias does exist in the sentencing of juvenile offenders. FJOs are consistently arrested at lower rates than males yet more female juveniles are entering the juvenile justice system annually at younger ages and for more serious offenses (Morris and Gibson, 2008). One explanation is the change in arrest policies for family conflicts that involve juveniles, those which did not hold juveniles as accountable before. From 1985 to 2015 (OJJDP) delinquency among males has decreased, while female delinquency cases have increased by 47% from 19 to 28% of all delinquency cases. The types of crimes do juvenile females commit differ from juvenile males, as well as their introduction to crime. Females generally are less delinquent, less violent, less committed to criminal careers (Pasko and Chesney-Lind, 2010). FJOs are more often are affected by histories of trauma, prostitution and sexual misconduct are very common, and many have run away from sexually abusive homes most involving status offenses while they sometimes do become involved in property, drug, sex, and violent crimes (Chesney-Lind, 2004). The Juvenile Justice Systems response to female delinquency and gender differences in the growing incidence of crime among young women and girls, ironically reflects patriarchal orientations. (Chesney-Lind, 2004) Much of the origin of gender bias is unfounded, based on gender stereotypes like limiting the options of an FJO, for their own good. This is reminiscent of sending girls to convents as a means of securing them. The stereotype that female youth are more mature than their male peers and therefore should be held more accountable for their offenses could also fuel bias in the JJS. Are female offenders more deserving of harsher sentences? Does confining FJOs for their own protection work as a deterrent? The answer is that it does not, based on the stagnant crime rate among FJOs. FJOs have been treated more harshly than in previous decades, a significant change in leniency for female offenders can be attributed to the Get Tough Movement which also inspired more use of the Juvenile Direct File in the state of Florida. I predict that former juvenile offenders, male and female, would view their experience in sentencing and time in the JJS differently. Whether or not programs that were geared more toward the causes of gender-specific delinquency were offered as an alternative to confinement may mark a difference, as well as their rehabilitation into society, or recidivism if it occurred. Crime is declining in all areas except FJOs, unaffected by the increase in their incarceration. Recognizing and preventing gender bias is the first step to reducing FJOs entering the JJS unnecessarily. The school-to-prison pipeline can start around age 7-8 in Florida, with a record that can follow a lifetime, eliminating gender bias would reduce unnecessary incarceration and the hindrances that follow.

Management Accounting Questions and Problems on...

INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS 1. An important step in management s decision-making process is to determine and evaluate possible courses of action. 2. In making decisions, management ordinarily considers both financial and nonfinancial information. 3. In incremental analysis, total variable costs will always change under alternative courses of action, and total fixed costs will always remain constant. 4. Accountants are mainly involved in developing nonfinancial information for management s consideration in choosing among alternatives. 5. Decision-making involves choosing among alternative courses of action. 6. Financial data are developed for a course of action under an incremental basis and then it is compared†¦show more content†¦c. determine the amount of money that should be spent on a project. d. decide which actions that management should consider. 27. Which of the following stages of the management decision-making process is improperly sequenced? a. Evaluate possible courses of action ïÆ' ¨ Make decision. b. Assign responsibility for decision ïÆ' ¨ Identify the problem. c. Identify the problem ïÆ' ¨ Determine possible courses of action. d. Assign responsibility for decision ïÆ' ¨ Determine possible courses of action. 28. Internal reports that review the actual impact of decisions are prepared by a. department heads. b. the controller. c. management accountants. d. factory workers. 29. Which of the following steps in the management decision-making process does not generally involve the managerial accountant? a. Determine possible courses of action. b. Make the appropriate decision based on relevant data. c. Prepare internal reports that review results of decisions. d. None of these 30. The process of evaluating financial data that change under alternative courses of action is called a. double entry analysis. b. contribution margin analysis. c. incremental analysis. d. cost-benefit analysis. 31. 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Advantages and Disadvantages of Multinational Companies - Sample

Question: Discuss the Advantages and disadvantagesof multinational companies on host country. Answer: Advantages of Multinational companies on Host country: Multinational companies are companies who have huge business operations and they operate in more than one country. Multinational companies are headquartered in home country and they operate business from host countries. In most cases, the home country is a developed country and the host country is a developing nation. Multinational companies act locally but think globally (Edwards, Marginson and Ferner 2013). Multinational companies can act in different kind of business environments. The host country may be endowed with many benefits by the multinational companies. However, multinational companies bring with them relaxed code of ethical conduct that exploits the needs of the developing nations, instead of providing a support important for economic and social development of the nation (Kobrin 2013). When a multinational company makes investment in the host country, the ratio of investment has the likelihood of increasing. Hence, governments with an intention of attracting more foreign investment offers incentives to firms, offers grants and tax breaks. The advantages of the multinational companies may be enumerated as follows: Activities related to research and development: host countries lack in research and development areas. Expenses on the research and development areas are important for the promotion of technology. Multinational companies have greater ability for research and development activities in comparison to host countries. Because of their capability of advanced search and development, multinational companies have the capability of surviving in the international market (Marano and Kostova 2016). Social, Economic and Political conditions of the host country: Multinational companies provide many benefits to the host country by contributing to the economic growth of the country and increasing the profits of the country. Additionally, multinational companies help the host country in the development of new products and also help in reducing the operational and labour cost of the country. Entry of multinational companies in a host country helps in changing the social and political structure of the country. Therefore, this makes the resources available to the host country for their economic exploitation (Hoskisson et al. 2013). Product Innovation: Multinational companies have a strong research and development department that help in the development of new product. Development of new product leads to diversification of products. The opportunities that are related to product are greater as compared to national companies (Biersteker 2014). Superiority of Market: Multinational companies have a security of brand reputation and this is why they face fewer issues in selling their products by adapting to an effective advertising and sales promotion methods (Campbell, Eden and Miller 2012). Financial Superiority: Multinational companies have the capability to create funds in one country and use the funds in another country. Multinational companies have good financial resources as compared to host countries. Multinational companies have easier admission to capital markets (Javorcik 2014). Technological Superiority: Because of technological superiority of the multinational companies the host companies help in the development of technological field of the company. The multinational company have the power to produce goods having international quality and standard (Lu et al. 2014). Disadvantages of Multinational companies on Host country: The following disadvantages are faced by the multinational companies: Loss of sovereignty: Multinational companies do not take the national policies seriously. They tend to disregard the national priorities of the country and protect their own interests. Therefore, there is continuous threat to the host country for protection of their sovereignty and liberty. This ultimately leads to loss of sovereignty to the people of the host country (Kostova et al. 2013). Competition: For market promotion and development multinational companies have big budgets. They provide competition to domestic countries and this makes them gain monopoly power. However, this can be a disadvantage as the small companies will not get proper chance of securing their position in the market (Lamare et al. 2012). Outflow of resource: The multinational company uses the resources of the host companies in the form of dividend of profits, licenses or management of other services. The continuous use of such resources may lead to drainage of resources in the host company (Ramondo, Rappoport and Ruhl 2016). Inappropriate Technology: The use of technology by the multinational company may either be out of date or too advanced for the host country to follow. The local people may not receive proper training for this leading to unemployment (Ruggie 2013). Economic exploitation: multinational companies are guided by a motive of profit. They often tend to exploit the host countries to make the most out of their host country. Multinational companies may offer low pay wages to local people and they can charge high price of their products to make use of their customers (Cooke 2012). Socio cultural Evils: the multinational companies promote the values of their home country and this may include dress, food and life styles. In this case the local cultures wickedness comes into picture. This increases the gap between the rich and the poor as there is increase in the overall unemployment of the country. It is always seen that multinational companies lack responsibility towards the host country (Dyreng et al. 2015). References: Cuervo-Cazurra, A., Inkpen, A., Musacchio, A. and Ramaswamy, K., 2014. Governments as owners: State-owned multinational companies.Journal of International Business Studies,45(8), pp.919-942. Dunning, J.H., 2012.International Production and the Multinational Enterprise (RLE International Business)(Vol. 12). Routledge. Dunning, J.H., 2014. Location and the multinational enterprise: a neglected factor?. InLocation of International Business Activities(pp. 35-62). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Dyreng, S.D., Lindsey, B.P., Markle, K.S. and Shackelford, D.A., 2015. The effect of tax and nontax country characteristics on the global equity supply chains of US multinationals.Journal of Accounting and Economics,59(2), pp.182-202. Edwards, T., Marginson, P. and Ferner, A., 2013. Multinational Companies in Cross-National Context: Integration, Differentiation, and the Interactions between MNCS and Nation States Introduction to a Special Issue of the ILRReview.Industrial Labor Relations Review,66(3), pp.547-587. Geppert, M., Williams, K., Wortmann, M., Czarzasty, J., Kaniciolu, D., Khler, H.D., Royle, T., Rckert, Y. and Ukan, B., 2014. Industrial relations in European hypermarkets: Home and host country influences.European Journal of Industrial Relations, p.0959680113519186.

Health Information Exchange free essay sample

Consumers today have the ability to access information related to their daily lives or even information related to events happening on the opposite side of the world. However, if this same consumer needed access to his or her personal health information, the ability of the patient or their health care provider to obtain the information would be limited. (Medows) Personal health information is not used to its full potential to support effective and efficient care due to fragmented information creation and storage. Our fast-paced always on the go society calls for a change to this state of isolated, fragmented health information. Whether it be a patient relocated due to a natural disaster or being able to identify a patient who was prescribed a recalled drug, having access to health information no matter where the patient may be is necessary. (Vest and Gamm, 2010) Making health information technology (HIT) will not only enable healthcare consumers access to their own medical history but also ensure that healthcare providers have timely access to medical records, improve the ease and safety  of e-prescribing, improve payer reimbursement, and provide the information needed for population based health planning. (Medows) Policy makers, researchers, industry groups, and health care professionals agree that health information exchange (HIE) is the much needed solution. (Vest and Gamm, 2010) Health Information Exchange (HIE) What is HIE? The National Alliance for Health Information Technology defines health information exchange (HIE) as the process of sharing patient-level electronic health information between different organizations. This process is conducted in a manner that protects the confidentiality, privacy, and security of the information. (AHIMA, 2012) The ability to exchange health information electronically is the foundation of efforts to improve quality of care, improve patient safety, and reduce costs and thus proves the importance of health information exchange (HIE). (HealthIT) While HIE promises cost and quality improvements, to date there lacks substantial and consistent empirical demonstrations of the effectiveness of HIE. (Vest and Gamm, 2010) History of HIE Community Health Management Information Systems (CHMISs) In 1990, the Hartford Foundation initiated community health management information systems (CHMISs) through grants to seven states and cities. (HIT Knowledgebase, 2012) The systems were centralized data repositories that housed patient information. The main purpose of the system was for assessment purposes and to facilitate billing and patient eligibility information retrieval in order to reduce costs. However, none of these systems ultimately survived due to lack of affordable and effective technology. They developed in communities interested in the concept of HIE but with commercial endeavors rather than community stakeholders. (Vest and Gamm, 2010) These endeavors were primarily aimed at reducing costs by sharing data. In an attempt to overcome some of the pitfalls learned in 1990, CHINs employed decentralized data structures that made it less likely to violate some privacy concerns. (HIT Knowledgebase, 2012) Despite the fact that anywhere from 75 to 500 CHINs existed or were in the planning stages during the 1990s, most failed to survive. There are several reasons that led to this failure. First, there was a lack of focus on community stakeholders. (Vest and Gamm, 2010) In addition, technology vendors, who were building the systems to collect fees associated with electronic transmission, seemed to pit the interests of hospitals against those of community physicians. Finally, there was no clear return on investment. (HIT Knowledgebase, 2012) IOM Reports In 1999, the Institute of Medicine released the first of a series of reports that would ignite a national focus on patient safety and quality of care. This first report, To Err is Human, addressed the fact that healthcare in the United States is not as safe as it should be. â€Å"At least 44,000 people, and perhaps as many as 98,000 people, die in hospitals each year as a result of medical errors that could have been prevented, according to estimates from two major studies. † (IOM, 1999) A follow up report in 2001 pointed out how health information technology (HIT) and health information exchange (HIE) can be used to reduce errors and improve efficiency and effectiveness of our healthcare system. This new national focus would determine how the history of HIE would continue to unfold. Hospitals have been identified as a primary financial contributor in a community but would also have the most difficulty in showing a return on investment. In addition, while privacy laws allow for the sharing of information between organizations for the purpose of patient care, RHIOs are still responsible for ensuring patient privacy. (Vest and Gamm, 2010) HIE Today A milestone year for health information exchange was 2009, in which Title XIII of the American Recovery Reinvestment Act was passed. This is better known as the Health Information Technology for Economical Clinical Health (HITECH) Act and is the most recent example of federal support for HIE. (Vest and Gamm, 2010) The HITECH Act incentivizes the use of electronic health record (EHR) adoption among providers who adopt certified systems and are able to demonstrate that they use these EHR systems in a meaningful way. The act also addresses privacy issues by strengthening privacy, security, and confidentiality. (HIT Knowledgebase) This builds on the previous administration’s call for interoperable health information technology and its creation of the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC). The Obama administration envisions a future of lower cost and higher quality healthcare, and rapidly growing adoption of health information technology is to be a key lever in achieving such a future. (Vest and Gamm, 2010) Benefits of HIE Benefits of health information exchange (HIE) can include improving quality  and safety of patient care; providing a basic level of interoperability among EHRs maintained by individual physicians and organizations; stimulating consumer education and patients’ involvement in their own healthcare; helping public health officials meet their commitment to the community; creating a potential loop for feedback between health-related research and actual practice; facilitating efficient deployment of emerging technology and heal thcare services; and providing the backbone of technical infrastructure for leverage by national and state-level initiatives. While there are many clear benefits that come with the adoption of HIE, improving quality and safety of patient care seems to be the most important. Achieving this long wanted goal will provide a connecting point for an organized, standardized process of data exchange. (HealthIT) However, achieving this goal will also require strategies for overcoming obstacles encountered in the past. Current Challenges The key challenges facing health information exchange (HIE) today are establishing a base of support, interconnecting technology, and establishing financial viability amid uncertainty. Building consensus and achieving full stakeholder buy-in at the beginning of an HIE project and maintaining that trust as the project moves forward is an important factor. Once sufficient participation collaboration is achieved, technical interoperability becomes the key challenge. As with any system development, the struggle with implementing HIE is how to create and maintain a sound financing model into the future. (NeHC, 2012) Establishing a Base of Support Healthcare technology executives face a need to connect an increasing number of providers and other stakeholders. Each stakeholder has different needs, work on different data platforms, and have different requirements for accessing and managing data. (Bizzaro, 2012) Validating the National eHealth Collaborative (NeHC) belief that a public-private partnership is key to success, the panelists agree that broad and sustained collaboration coupled with clear, structured communication among stakeholders at all levels is vital. (NeHC, 2012) Interconnecting Technology Individual EMR systems are not necessarily designed for interconnection, and  vendors as a rule have not yet been effective at creating technological bridges in an affordable or rapidly deployable way. (NeHC, 2012) Most healthcare organizations are burdened with managing multiple financial, administrative, and clinical systems on a variety of platforms. The challenge is to develop and execute a long-term strategy that will meet urgent and important interoperability needs while also placing the organization in the position to face downstr eam challenges or harness future opportunities.